Unstageable Pressure Injury

What Is an Unstageable Pressure Injury?

An unstageable pressure injury is defined by the National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel (NPIAP) as a full thickness tissue loss in which the base of the wound is covered by slough or eschar in the wound bed. The key characteristic is that the true depth of tissue damage cannot be determined without removing the obscuring tissue.

Slough is soft, moist, dead tissue that can appear yellow, tan, gray, green, or brown. Eschar is dry, thick, leathery dead tissue that is typically tan, brown, or black. Both types of tissue cover the wound bed and prevent accurate assessment of how deep the wound extends.

Unlike Stages 1-4 where the wound depth can be visualized and measured, unstageable wounds require debridement (removal of dead tissue) before their true severity can be determined. Once the slough or eschar is removed, the wound is then reclassified as Stage 3 or Stage 4 based on the depth of tissue loss revealed.

Why Wounds Become Unstageable

Understanding why a wound becomes unstageable helps explain why these wounds often indicate care failures:

Natural Wound Progression

When tissue dies due to prolonged pressure, the body attempts to wall off the damaged area. Dead tissue accumulates in the wound bed as the injury progresses. Without proper wound care intervention, this dead tissue builds up and obscures the wound.

Inadequate Wound Care

Proper wound management includes regular debridement—removing dead tissue to promote healing and allow accurate wound assessment. When healthcare providers fail to perform or arrange for appropriate debridement, wounds accumulate slough and eschar that hides the true extent of damage.

Delayed Treatment

Wounds that are not identified early and treated promptly are more likely to develop significant dead tissue. The presence of an unstageable wound often suggests that earlier intervention was missed or delayed.

Lack of Proper Assessment

Healthcare facilities are required to regularly assess wounds and document their progression. When wounds become obscured by dead tissue, it may indicate that assessments were not being performed with sufficient frequency or expertise.

Hidden Severity Concerns

The most concerning aspect of unstageable pressure injuries is what lies beneath the surface:

Unknown Depth

The slough or eschar covering an unstageable wound can hide extensive tissue destruction. What appears to be a relatively contained wound may, once debrided, reveal a deep crater extending to muscle, tendon, or bone—a Stage 4 injury.

Undermining and Tunneling

Unstageable wounds frequently have undermining (tissue destruction beneath intact skin edges) and tunneling (channels extending from the wound into surrounding tissue). These hidden extensions of the wound cannot be seen until the wound is properly debrided and examined.

Active Infection

Dead tissue provides an ideal environment for bacterial growth. Slough and eschar can harbor serious infections, including antibiotic-resistant organisms like MRSA. The infection may be spreading beneath the surface without visible signs.

Bone Involvement

When unstageable wounds are located over bony prominences (sacrum, heels, hips), there is a significant risk that the wound extends to the bone. Osteomyelitis (bone infection) may already be present but undetectable until the wound is properly assessed.

Medical Implications

Unstageable pressure injuries require specialized medical management and carry significant health risks:

Need for Debridement

Most unstageable wounds require debridement to remove dead tissue and allow for proper healing. Debridement methods include:

• Sharp/surgical debridement: Cutting away dead tissue with a scalpel or scissors (fastest but requires trained clinician)
• Enzymatic debridement: Using topical enzymes to break down dead tissue (slower but less invasive)
• Autolytic debridement: Using the body's own enzymes with moisture-retentive dressings (slowest method)
• Mechanical debridement: Physical removal using wet-to-dry dressings or wound irrigation

Exception: Stable Heel Eschar

The one exception to routine debridement is stable, dry eschar on the heel without signs of infection (redness, warmth, drainage, odor). In this specific case, the eschar may serve as a natural biological cover and is often left intact. However, this requires careful monitoring and should not be used as an excuse to avoid proper wound assessment elsewhere on the body.

Treatment Challenges

Once debrided, unstageable wounds often reveal extensive damage requiring aggressive treatment:

• Extended antibiotic therapy if infection is present
• Negative pressure wound therapy (wound VAC)
• Specialized dressings and wound care
• Potential surgery for wound closure or tissue repair
• Management of underlying conditions affecting healing

Prolonged Healing

Because unstageable wounds typically conceal Stage 3 or Stage 4 injuries, healing times are measured in months to years. Some wounds may never fully heal, leaving patients with chronic, draining wounds requiring ongoing care for the rest of their lives.

Legal Considerations

The presence of an unstageable pressure injury in a nursing home or hospital patient raises serious questions about the quality of care provided:

Evidence of Neglect

For a wound to accumulate enough dead tissue to become unstageable, there must have been failures at multiple points:

• Failure to prevent the wound from developing initially
• Failure to identify the wound at an early stage
• Failure to provide appropriate treatment as the wound progressed
• Failure to perform or arrange for timely debridement
• Failure to accurately assess and document wound status

Regulatory Violations

Nursing homes receiving Medicare or Medicaid funding must comply with federal regulations requiring facilities to ensure residents receive necessary treatment and services to heal pressure ulcers and prevent new ones from developing. An unstageable wound may indicate violations of these requirements.

Documentation Concerns

When wounds are described as "unstageable," it's important to investigate whether this classification is accurate or being used to minimize the apparent severity of a wound in facility records. Complete medical records should include:

• Initial wound assessment with measurements and photos
• Regular reassessments documenting progression
• Wound care treatments provided
• Debridement procedures and findings
• Re-staging once the wound bed is visible

Facility Liability

Healthcare facilities may be held liable for unstageable pressure injuries when they result from inadequate prevention, delayed treatment, or failure to provide appropriate wound care. Compensation may include:

• Medical expenses for treatment and ongoing care
• Pain and suffering
• Disfigurement and scarring
• Reduced quality of life
• Wrongful death damages if complications prove fatal

Warning Signs to Watch For

Family members should be alert to signs that a loved one may have an unstageable or developing pressure injury:

• Dark, discolored areas on the skin that don't blanch
• Black, brown, or tan hard areas of skin (eschar)
• Yellow, tan, or greenish soft tissue in wounds (slough)
• Wounds that seem to be getting worse despite treatment
• Foul odor from wounds or bandaged areas
• Fever or other signs of infection
• Staff being vague about wound descriptions or staging
• Reluctance to show you wounds during visits

Documenting Unstageable Wounds

If you discover your loved one has an unstageable pressure injury, documentation is crucial for any potential legal action:

1. Request photographs of the wound from the facility or take photos if permitted, with dates and measurements visible
2. Obtain complete medical records including wound care logs, nursing assessments, and physician orders
3. Document the timeline of when the wound was first noted vs. when you were informed
4. Ask specific questions about whether debridement has been performed and what was found beneath the dead tissue
5. Request the re-staging once the wound is debrided and the true depth can be assessed
6. Note any signs of infection including fever, redness around the wound, drainage, or foul odor
7. Keep a journal of your observations during each visit, including staff responses to your questions

When to Seek Legal Help

You should consult a bedsore attorney if your loved one has developed an unstageable pressure injury in a care facility and:

• The wound developed after admission to the facility
• You were not promptly informed about the wound
• The facility seems reluctant to debride the wound or provide details
• Once debrided, the wound reveals Stage 3 or Stage 4 damage
• Your loved one has developed signs of infection or sepsis
• You have concerns about staffing levels or care quality
• Multiple wounds or rapidly progressing wounds are present

At Traction Law Group, we understand that unstageable pressure injuries often hide the true extent of neglect and suffering. We help families investigate how these wounds developed, uncover the hidden severity beneath the surface, and hold negligent facilities accountable. There is no fee unless we win your case.